A Sense of Fear and Death: a Contrast and Comparison Between the Masque of the Red Death and Young Goodman Brown

The Masque of the Red Death and Young Goodman Brown are both good stories that paint vivid images. Throughout these stories, both Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne evoke a sense of fear and death. Edgar Allan Poe tells us a story of a prince who believed he could save himself and his nobles by keeping them inside of his castle. However, Nathaniel Hawthorne tells us a story of a man who takes a â€Å"journey† with his conscience. Both authors use characterization, symbolism, imagery and allusions to portray fear and death. The Masque of the Red Death opens up with fear and death. Blood was its Avatar and its seal† (1); an avatar is a graphical image that represents a person. Here Edgar Allan Poe uses characterization to give us an idea of how horrible the Red Death is. This quote gives the Red Death life and death having life speaks LOUDLY for itself. In comparison, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses characterization gives the belief. faith, life in which Goodman Brown's wife was faiths avatar. However Hawthorne uses characterization as symbols to evoke fear. When Hawthorne describes Faith he mentions pink ribbons.A child wears ribbons and children, in most cases, are the representatives of innocence which is what these ribbons symbolize. â€Å"But something fluttered lightly down the air and caught the branch of a tree. The young man seized it, and beheld a pink ribbon. â€Å"‘My Faith is gone! ‘ cried he†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (5). Fear is the unpleasant feeling aroused by the threat of danger, evil or pain. In this quote it is clear that Young Goodman Brown is threatened by pain as well as evil. As Young Goodman Brown continues, â€Å"There is no good on earth and sin is but a name.Come, devil, for thee is this world given. † There is a great significance of Faith's ribbons being found without her. This meant that his wife Faith, along with his faith is gone and it pained him. Faith is what is keeping Goodman Brown sane, assured, and secu re in the forest. The forest is also another symbol Hawthorne uses to evoke fear. It represented danger, death. The forest was described as â€Å"a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1). Darkness is the color of death. In parallel Edgar Allan Poe also uses colors to represent death and summon fear.However, he uses both an â€Å"ebony clock† and a seventh room to do so. â€Å"It was in this apartment, also, that there stood a gigantic clock of ebony† (2); as the ebony color of the clock represents death, the ebony clock on a whole symbolizes that time is running out and death is near. Poe also tells us in the story that at every hour the clock strikes and chimes; in these moments all things are still and the people who are in the masquerade suddenly snap back to reality and realizes what is going on. This representation exhibits fear and dear.The seventh room also presents death and fear. Allan Poe described the seventh room t o have the colors read and black; red representing blood and black representing death. Allan Poe also uses this room and its colors to give us a mental picture. Imagery is the use of figure of speech to create mental images. Poe paints a vivid picture of the seventh room and invokes a great sense of fear and death. Poe tells us that the room has â€Å"black velvet tapestries† (1) and the panes in the room â€Å"were scarlet – a deep blood color† (1).This gives us a feel of how scary and over-whelming that room may be. In comparison, Hawthorne used the forest to paint a picture and to put us in a place where we felt the fear of danger and evil Goodman Brown feels. Allusion is also used by both authors in both stories. Allan Poe made reference to the Bubonic Plague that occurred in the early 1330s. This plague was a very vicious disease that killed off families, home, and populations. With knowledge of this plague readers can only imagine how horrified the charact ers in the story are whenever the clock strikes another hour.Hawthorne, in contrast, made reference to the time of the puritans where they believed anything or anyone who is not pure is evil and wicked. In these times it was believed that a woman's faith was her and her family's way to heaven. â€Å"I'll cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven† (1). This historical fact helps us to understand why Goodman Browns pain of losing Faith was such a great significance and manifested so much fear. With Faith gone and his faith gone his way to heaven, along with his family's, was gone as well.Both authors use references to the bible as well. Poe used the term pestilence in which he said, â€Å"No pestilence had ever been so fatal, or so hideous† (1). Pestilence is a plague and in Revelations 18:8 it reads, â€Å"Therefore shall her plagues come in one day, death, and mourning, and famine. † Also in Jeremiah 42:17 it reads, â€Å"So shall it be with all the men that set their faces to go into Egypt to sojourn there; they shall die by the sword, by the famine, and by the pestilence: and none of them shall remain or escape from the evil that I will bring upon them. This reference shows how powerful the plague is and how much terror and fear is instilled in the characters of the story. Hawthorne, on the other hand, referred to the book of Job. Job was a man of God who obeys Gods every command and never spoke blasphemy. One day the devil asks the Lord to put Job's faith to the test and God agreed. The devil everything away from Job and Job began to look to the heavens and asked God why this was happening to him. In Young Goodman Brown Goodman Brown â€Å"looked up to the sky, doubting whether there really was a heaven above him† (4).This shows great fear that Goodman Brown felt at this point of the story. All in all though one author may have use more of a literary technique than the other, they both manifest the idea of fear and death in a great manner. These literary techniques, from characterization to allusion, all of these devices work together in some way. In both The Masque of the Red Death and Young Goodman Brown, both authors Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne used characterization, symbolism, imagery and allusion to personify death, indicate fear and pierce, to instill both a sense of fear and death, in a reader’s heart and mind.

Comparing: In Paris with You; His Coy Mistress Essay

Both poems are about love – love that has been lost, damaged and tainted. In Paris with You is the bitter tale of a man who tries to move on from a lover that has left the man broken, biting and bleak, his poem is a woeful tale of the breakdown of what was clearly a precious relationship that had soured over time leading the man into a spiral of distress and Paris. The title itself suggests his biting personality In Paris with You – when you initially read it ideas of romance and love fill your mind but upon reading the poem all these thoughts go out the window and you realise the narrator’s vexation towards this person and the negative connotations they carry from the narrator’s point of view. Countering In Paris with You is His Coy Mistress a poem about an age old love that is dominated by lust and fuelled with an intense passion, the poem shows that the narrator’s appetite for lust can turn spiteful and the cruelty shown towards the women in the second stanza indicates the fickle nature of the narrator which is further proved in stanza three. The second poem is different from the first in the sense the narrator seems to have more respect for the woman he compares her to â€Å"rubies† and countless mentions of his adoration and dedication towards her, he complains that her â€Å"coyness† has distanced the two and exaggerates it as he subtly mentions the River Ganges and Humber two different locations which he uses not just to compliment her and her beauty but also to suggest the space they share between them. However this does not hinder his ‘love’ for her as he calls it a â€Å"vegetable love† that â€Å"should grow† which implicates themes of a natural, healthy love that is fresh and genuine, a love that is â€Å"vaster than empires† invoking thoughts of power and might – influential even. Opposing His Coy Mistress is In Paris with You the narrator treats the women like a slave someone who he sees as an object to distract himself from the woman who â€Å"bamboozledà ¢â‚¬  him, he uses nautical imagery such as â€Å"hostage† and â€Å"marooned† to describe his situation which suggests his feeling of confinement and restriction and why he may not want to go sightseeing in Paris because he wants to stay hidden away from the harsh sunlight and cruel world staying secluded in his own private island of misery with only his new ‘lover’ to keep him company. In the second stanza of His Coy Mistress the narrator changes his mood towards the woman changing his love-struck  attitude to one that is enraged and resentful, he spites her by suggesting â€Å"worms shall try that long preserved virginity† simultaneously mocking her chastity and her pride. He shows contempt by repeatedly acting like she is unwanted by all except death because of her â€Å"coyness† he says her â€Å"quaint honour shall turn to dust† to pressure her in a way by suggesting what she is doing now is useless and holds no meaning much like In Paris With You when the narrator repeatedly infers that what they do in Paris is not at all significant and is a band aid – a quick fix for his previous lover. Unlike In Paris with You His Coy Mistress turns remorseful and apologises indirectly by slowly coaxing her to embrace their lust and embrace and empower their love while In Paris with You remains the same unapologetic and laced with innuendos til l the very end.

An Opinion on the Interpretation of the Constitution

An Opinion on the Interpretation of the Constitution Question 1 The Framers of the Constitution chose a Federal system for several reasons. Possibly, the most justified reason would be that the framers knew that there would be threats posed to individuals freedom. As we all know, federalism includes that national and state governments have their own separate powers to enact laws. If government was not separated, it would be to powerful and would more than likely use that power unjustly. Therefore, with separation, this helps grant individuals a fairer legal system, which is why federalism was chosen amongst other systems. Some other systems would include: confederation, anarchy, and unitary state. In McCulloch v Maryland federal power was at the heart of the debate. The case took place in the year 1819 and was one of the first and most important cases known to the legal system. It was to determine if the United States government had the capability to create a bank in Maryland and if Maryland was able to tax the government for this decision. In the end, the Supreme court ruled that federal government has the ability to pass laws that are not expressed in the Constitution. This was significant to the federal government’s power over the states. This allocation was possible through the Necessary and Proper Clause listed in Article 1 Section 8 of the Constitution. New federalism is basically a philosophy that focuses on states rights. In its efforts it tries to transfer power that the federal government encompasses back to the states. The Devolution Revolution was started by the Reagan Administration due to past issues where the federal government was not adequate to make decisions. It was the efforts to slow down the power of the federal government and give back numerous powers and responsibilities back to the states. Since 1995, the United States has addressed issues of federalism by utilizing the principles of the Constitution, more specifically the power of the branches of government. What the Constitution claims about such powers should be the primary influence in federalism. Public policy of a state may differ from one to another. For example, some Florida laws may seem stupid to someone living in Pennsylvania. However, that state most likely imposed those laws for a specific reason. Federalism and Congressional powers are central to state or federal powers. If some form of agreement is not made on the part, there will be issues within that state. Public policy tries to enforce social laws that are generally unwritten, however, understood nonetheless. If these two powers cannot agree upon such social laws, then numerous issues will come of it. That is why, for example, all states must have a drinking age of 21, even if some states feel that this should be changed. It is agreed upon. I would not consider myself to be a federalist in todays times. That is, because I do not feel that states should unit and form a central authority. I feel this would cause more problems in the long run. The term federalist has changed increasingly since its origin to todays times, back then a federalist was an individual who supported the constitution and were committed to a much looser decentralized form of government. In today’s times, a federalist is simply someone who supports the unification of states as a central force. Liberals and Conservatives views of federalism differ from those of liberals and conservatives during the 18th and 19th century. During these times, the federalist was regarded with high respect and in high regard, however, today these views are not the same. Liberals and conservatives believe that big government ought to live up to their promises as well as have the citizens safety and best interest in mind. However, many discrepancies have arisen betwe en the government and their responsibilities to citizens, and many believe they have personal interest at heart. In the Wickard v. Filburn case, the Supreme court significantly increased the regulating authority of the federal government. Conservatives feel that it is our personal responsibility to provide ourselves with healthcare and believe in a limited form of government. However, liberals believe it is the governments duty to provide us with equality and to alleviate us of social ills. These two differ quite extensively, however, the liberals were more in favor of the rulings of Wickhard v. Filburn because it placed responsibility more so on the federal government rather than self. Federalism has both pros and cons associated with it. Some of the pros would include: protection against tyranny, diffusing power, more efficiency, and conflict management. Some of the cons associated with it include: advocated inequalities between states, blockage of Nationalist policies by the state, and racing to the bottom. In Chapter 3 of Faultlines it is debated as to whether states or national government should take lead in immigration reform. In my opinion, this duty should be granted by the national government. I feel that if states were granted such responsibilities, there would be little consistency in the matter. I think that it is the best interest of the national government to demise a plan of immigrant reform. In the end, consistency is key, it would be much simpler to have the national government handle such issues, since they have been the ones responsible for such issues historically. Question 2 The primary motives and assumptions of the framers of the constitution was to establish an effective government. One that was built for the people and would enable the nation to grow and change as well. It was to fix the issues known previously, and also had emphasis on core values such as liberty, equality, and democracy. They were under the assumption that the constitution would be built on such core beliefs and be a good representation of rights each American deserves. Some of the most important values built into the American political system of today are very similar to the values the founders believed in. In modern times, the political system is concerned with liberty, equality, and property. As we can see, the ideas of liberty and equality have remained the same from earlier times until more modern days. Democracy is the leading difference. The founders were more concerned with democracy within their political arena than individuals are today. I think the reason for this is bec ause many feel their opinions and votes do not matter. Not to mention that when voting, its generally the choice between the lesser of two evils. A constitutional democracy is a system within the government that ultimately has a very well-defined limitations set on political authorities. Constitutionalism is strict adherence to the principles within the constitution. Madison’s view of human nature affected his theory of government. Madison, as you presumably know, saw the wickedness in human instinct, yet in the meantime observed temperance too. He trusted that the legislature would be the genuine impression of the general population it spoke to and it must not fit in with the disasters of human instinct. Along these lines, consequently, his perspectives of human instinct influenced his hypothesis in government by constraining the energy of the legislature to anticipate defilement. His theory is represented in ideas of democracy because him as well as other framers wanted a republican democracy. Self-interest was also a vastly debated argument of these individuals as well. Economic conditions also impacted democracy sig nificantly as well. One major area of division at the time of the constitutional convention was between smaller and larger states. The smaller states felt that every state, regardless of size should have the same amount of congress representatives. However, the larger states felt that with having a larger population, they should be granted more representatives. It was resolved by having a singular house of congress, and representatives are based on population. With each state being granted at least one representative and each state was to have at least two senators no matter what its population was. There were three compromises that were necessary prior to ratifying the constitution. These included: Great Compromise (Connecticut compromise), the three-fifths compromise, and the trade compromise. Equality within the Constitution is found within the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. The 13th is designated to abolish slavery. The 14th allowed freed slaves to be citizens of the United States. And lastly, the 15th amendment allowed the right to vote to any man of any race. Marbury v. Madison created judicial review in the government system. Judicial review is basically the power allocated to federal courts to proclaim legislative and executive acts unconstitutional. It was highly significant, and the constitution claimed it to be the supreme law of the land. This case was highly important when decided because it was actually the first Supreme court case to apply ideas of judicial review. It allowed federal courts to ultimately void any act of Congress that were in opposition to the constitution. It fully placed the constitutions ideas in place. The development of democracy was also influenced by this case. Individuals now had a checks and balances system. It added for a more democratic system. The implications of this within the political system is that congress and even the president can be unconstitutional, however, judicial review is the mediator of this. They will stop things that are unconstitutional. I feel that the constitution should be fundamentally changed. Some of the issues within that should be considered would be the first amendment and the second in my opinion. In recent times, the freedom of speech has been a very controversial issue. Whether it’s the instance of Roseanne or college students seeking safe space at universities. I feel that freedom of speech isn’t really free, because it oppresses many individuals. Another consideration would be the second amendment as well. Gun reform is certainly another largely controversial topic in today’s times. I think some changes need to be made on those parts as well. Also, it needs be more modernized with adding some of the issues we face today. For example, with science increasing significantly, we must place limitations within. Should we allow stem cell research and the ability to manipulate the characteristics of embryos. Question 3 In my opinion views of Breyers should be considered when interpreting the Constitution. Unlike Scalia, Breyer believes that there should be a living constitution approach. What that means is basically that there is a dynamic meaning within the pages of the constitution. Its basic claims are not stuck in the ideas of hundreds of years ago, rather concerned with modern times in such approaches. The constitution was written in the year 1787, that is nearly 231 years ago. As we all know, society, beliefs, and individual’s roles are quite different in modern times when compared to the year the constitution was written. Although, the constitution does provide a good outline, it is inadequate in being a valid representation of today’s society and therefore, is nothing but an outdated template of original value systems of society from the year of 1787. Do not get me wrong, this documents idea has held up quite well, however, as we change as a society, we need documentation that is dynamic and relevant to todays day and age. Which is why I feel that Breyers visions and assertions are most logical in such debates. No document can last forever, because no era is exactly the same. Advancements are always underway in order to improve society and life in general. The constitution is very much a living document and has the capacity to grow and be altered as it already has within the years. Numerous additions and underlying interpretations have already occurred from its earlier days. For instance, the framers discussed nothing specifically on same sex marriages. However, in 2015, the supreme court ruled same sex marriages as one of our civil rights. Civil rights were established in the constitution by the framers, however, it took deeper analyzation to understand that same sex marriages were in fact about equality and is a right that all individuals deserve. This is an example of an idea of a living constitution because it takes basic principles outlined in the constitution and applies more modernized interpretations of them. During the ages of the framers, same sex marriage was not a pressing issue, therefore, it was not directly addressed. Even the framers knew that this document was lacking some ideas and would need changed at one point or a nother. Although, they did make this document very difficult to alter, there have been some changes already made. I agree with Breyer that a living constitution should be in order, because the underlying ideas conceptualized by the framers are very rational and fair, however, dynamic ideas are a certainty with such a document as this. Scalia claimed that the living constitution will destroy the constitution. What is meant by this is that politics will evidently enter law. Therefore, this idea would be against same sex marriages since they are not exclusively discussed within the constitution. However, I feel that this approach is severely lacking. There are several things not exclusively discussed in the constitution such as stem cell research and other scientifically fueled ideas, however, if we fail to allow such, our society will surely not advance. We simply are in need of a document that encompasses the founders ideas, but also allows for alternation and analysis.

Project Planning- Human Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Project Planning- Human Capital - Essay Example If communication is not done properly, a project’s failure is unavoidable (Sheryl R.). One of the most vital tasks of a project manager is to communicate the performance evaluation of the project to its employees and the customer. Communication of performance evaluation is very important for the success and future growth of a business but it may be met with some level of resistance and unlikely situations. A project manager needs to well plan the communication before he starts a performance evaluation. He should make a status report on the progress of the project; rate each employee’s performance on a prescribed scale and a review of the customer’s satisfaction. He can either organize a question- hour session, a group forum, or a one-on-one discussion session (projectsmart.co.uk). In case of a wedding project, the manager does the performance evaluation on the basis of the services rendered to the customer; meeting the wedding budget limit, customer satisfaction, management of sources, quality of the service, time management, customer experience, efficiency and performance of the employees, their behavior with the guests and the overall wedding quality (Wedding project management).

Paper on Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paper on Speech - Essay Example I informed her the abstracts of these videos and shared to her the links so she can view them. She confirmed that the nationality of those people featured in the Chicken a la Carte film is Filipinos from the Philippines. As she herself is a Filipino, she confirmed that these incidents really happen in their country. There was even featured news commentary that previously broadcasted the situation in their national television. We both agreed that the situation was indeed very sad and heavy to reflect on. The issues presented on the Miniature Earth confirmed the inequality experienced by peoples around the globe in terms of economic wealth and human rights. However, the sorry state of global inequality has been known for decades but not one government has enacted laws and legislations to improve the welfare of mankind. Even international organizations fail to address critical concerns of social poverty, economic inequalities, human injustice, racisms, chronic and epidemic illnesses, and environmental destruction, among others. Even the most developed countries in the world contain issues of poverty, unequal distribution of economic wealth, and violations of human rights. Their governments remain to shift their priorities to military weapons and expenditures rather than focusing on developmental assistance promoting education, good health, food production, and prevention of diseases. Emily even shed tears when she saw the short film presentation. She agreed on the contentions presented and mentioned that more and more governments all over the world have shifted their agenda towards enriching their own selfish interests and turning their backs on the more pressing and obvious dilemmas on inequality and poverty that pervades human life. Further, she said that parents must train their children to be more appreciative of what they have. The little things that each and every family could do to assist in improving the plight of human welfare must be done to

External Analysis of the Automotive Industry Essay

External Analysis of the Automotive Industry - Essay Example rm has concentrated and accelerated its development of hybrid vehicles by providing customers with attractive and appealing cars people truly want, the chairman added (ibid.). The big opportunity for Toyota is to capitalize on its excellent goodwill and customer loyalty with the production of reliable automotive vehicles. Its Prius model is still regarded as the best-ever car among 300 models that are eco-friendly (Ikematsu & Honma, 2010, p. 1). However, the current fiasco over the Prius recalls (500,000 units recalled so far) due to sticky pedals and unintended acceleration has put Toyota in a bad light and together with the 8 million other Toyota models recalled worldwide, has put into question Toyotas manufacturing expertise and its priorities. Previously, the two earlier heads of Toyota (Sakichi and Kiichiro Toyoda, grandfather and father, respectively, of current president Akio Toyoda) had always emphasized the customer first in all its corporate decisions. This means Toyota has acquired a very excellent reputation for quality, performance, comfort, good mileage and a low price. But some independent analysts are of the opinion Toyotas present troubles are self-inflicted as it had strayed away from its original founders mission statement of serving the customers first. Priorities during Toyotas early years were always safety, quality and sales (a distant third) but the current presidents obsession to surpass the achieve ments of his predecessors by becoming the worlds number one maker (achieved in 2008 by eclipsing GM) led to quality problems. Instead, the obsessive drive to become number one caused Toyota some missteps that had greatly eroded its great brand name and excellent reputation for quality craftsmanship in the minds of consumers and other stakeholders. The year 2008 also saw the company posting its only second loss (but biggest) ever in its corporate history to the tune of US$4.8 billion. It had jumbled its priorities and put sales first and

Interim Financial Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interim Financial Reporting - Essay Example The fundamental goal of interim financial reporting is to present regular and timely evaluations of a business’s performance. There are certain intrinsic limitations of interim reporting. Owing to the shortened time periods involved, inaccuracies in assessment and allocation are amplified. The consequences of seasonal fluctuations, as well as momentary market circumstances, further limit the dependability, comparability and extrapolative significance of interim reports (Motiwalla, 2003). IAS 34 & Interim Financial Reporting The IFRS had formulated several accounting standards that are supposed to be observed by business organizations while preparing their accounting reports. The accounting standard IAS 34 delineates the requirements for the preparation of interim financial reports. IAS 34 is applicable when a business organisation chooses to issue an interim financial report that is compliant with the IFRSs. ... his standard also recommends codes for recognition and measurement in the preparation of comprehensive or abridged financial statements for a provisional time period. Apt and consistent interim financial reporting enhances the ability of creditors, investors and other financial report users to recognise an organisation’s financial situation and liquidity, as well as its competence to generate income and cash flow (European Commission, 2011, pp. 1-3). IAS 34 does not provide any directive as to what kinds of organisations are supposed to issue interim financial reports, how frequent issuance should be, or after what period following the completion of an interim phase an issuance should be made. Nevertheless, often all across the world, organisations whose shares are listed on exchanges and traded in markets have been required by governments and other authorities, such as securities regulators and stock exchanges, to issue interim financial reports. The International Accounting Standards Board, and later on the International Accounting Standards Committee, has repeatedly persuaded publicly listed organisations to issue interim financial reports. These interim reports are supposed to be compliant with the codes of recognition, disclosure and measurement, as defined in the IAS 34 (Deloitte, 2006, pp. 4-6). Organisations listed on exchanges are particularly pressured to prepare and issue interim financial reports at the end of the first six months of the financial year, and are typically asked to issue their interim financial reports no more than 60 days after to the completion of the interim phase (European Commission, 2011, pp. 6-8). The annual or interim financial reports of organisations are assessed individually to check their compliance with the IFRSs. If an

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Compare and contrast - Essay Example Most of these artists engaged in paintings of beautiful women a character that we see with works from Sharaku and Katagawa. However, landscapes had been given limited attention by most of thee artists hence the reason for Hokusai’s diversion. Most of the critics of Hokusai’s works defined his landscape paintings as the Western paintings since they differed from Japanese paintings in terms of imagination, composition, atmosphere and the natural observation. A good piece of art showing an assumption of Tsunami off the coast of Japan is an ancient art done by Katsushika Hokusai (Nagata and Bester 28). This piece of art was done between 1760-1849. However, many people argue that this piece of art is not a Tsunami but depicts other things. This geometrical piece of art employs the use of circles, lines, and triangles in an artistic manner, which creates a sense of space collapsing. From the picture, there is an indication that the boatmen are not fighting against the huge wa ve but rather using the flow of the wave for their movement. Most of the artist believes that this picture was created as a symbol of his death since this is just one of the pieces of arts Hokusai produced just before his death. The painting is a traditional Japanese piece of art especially by the Japanese writings that are embedded in it. We also find this feature in the other two paintings indicating that these are traditional ukiyo-e paintings. The piece of art also symbolizes Japanese tradition. Hokusai shows symbols of tradition in this piece of art. Mount Fiji is shown from a background and this time is not shown as a huge mountain but just a small one shifting the focus of everyone’s perception. The picture also indicates Japanese anglers in boats struggling with the sea wave. In addition to this, a sense of energy has been created in this picture. Three quarters of the film is the huge sea wave, which consumes the great mount Fiji. This shows that Hokusai wanted to ex press energy in his composition. The technique used in painting of this picture is from the printing of woodblocks a technique that was mostly used by Buddhists in the 17th century. Otanaji Oniji II is a 1794-95 piece of art, which was developed by Toshusai Sharaku. In this piece of art, Sharaku’s great composition depicts a sense of energy, which is displaying realism and beauty. We can compare the theme of energy in relation to Hokusai’s picture in which the sea consumes three quarters of the space. From Sharaku’s picture, we can see that the artist has employed the use of lines triangles, and circles the same way in which Hokusai developed in The Great wave off Kanagawa. However, Sharaku in this piece of art is more real and articulate (Narazaki 79). The face of the picture takes three quarters of the space emphasizing the key area he wanted to expose. When comparing the themes of these two pictures we notice that Sharaku’s picture illustrates a huge s ense of modernity. The person in the picture is beautiful and with lots of energy shown in the face while Hokusai’s picture indicates a deep sense of tradition from the boats and the physical background. In comparison, all these piece of arts were done in the 17th century a time when most of the artists used woodblocks as their main tool for production of their pieces of art. Sharaku also shows a sense of tradition in this portrait. The clothing of the person in the p

Critical Thinking - Basic Concepts of Quantitative Reasoning; Research Paper - 1

Critical Thinking - Basic Concepts of Quantitative Reasoning; Hypothesis Formulation - Research Paper Example An individual suffering from mild traumatic brain injury may lose perception for a few seconds or minutes or may remain conscious throughout. Other mild traumatic brain injury symptoms include confusion, headache, lightheadedness, blurred vision, dizziness, ringing in the ears, fatigue, bad taste in the mouth, sleep pattern changes, mood or behavioral changes, nausea, slurred speech, temporary loss of memory, attention, concentration or thinking capacity (Cifu et al, 2010; Murdoch & Theodoros, 2001). On average, more or less 2 million traumatic brain injuries transpire per year, either as isolated cases or by the side of other injuries. Common symptoms of moderate and severe traumatic brain injuries are abnormal social behavior, deficits in social judgment, frequent loss of attention, processing speed and executive functioning. Anyone with signs of traumatic brain injury ought to receive immediate medical attention; based on the fact that traumatic brain injury is a health risk. As a starter, medical personnel try to stabilize a person with traumatic brain injury and focus on preventing additional injury since little can be done to correct the initial brain injury resulting from the trauma; this is regarded as an initial treatment for traumatic brain injury. The primary concerns include ensuring proper oxygen supply, ensuring adequate blood flow, and maintaining normal blood pressure. Imaging tests help in diagnosing a traumatic brain injury patient (High, 2005). Patients with m ild to modest traumatic brain injury undergo skull and neck X-rays to check for bone fractures or spinal irregularities. Moderately to severely injured patients have to undergo rehabilitation depending on individual symptoms. Such therapy programs include speech/language therapy, occupational therapy, physiatry, psychology/psychiatry, and social support (Murdoch & Theodoros,

Describe the U.S. Foreign Policy and how it affects the citizens Essay

Describe the U.S. Foreign Policy and how it affects the citizens - Essay Example ternational education; and protection of American citizens abroad and  expatriation†. The U.S. doesn’t really have a unified foreign policy goal anymore. The most recent unified foreign policy was the Cold War Strategy of containment of the USSR and of Communism, which pervaded its relation with almost virtually every country. Since then, however, there are different policies that are for different countries. Policies may be divided by continents, United Nations, Foreign Aid, Defense, and Allies and Enemies. The U.S. has a strong foreign policy with The United Kingdom. Its foreign policy affirms this bilateral relationship with U.K. as its most important in the world, which is evidenced in the levels of cooperation in military planning, execution of military operations, nuclear weapons technology, and intelligence sharing with each other. These two countries also share the world’s largest foreign investment partnership, with the U.S. investing in the U.K. reachi ng $255 billion and U.K.’s investment in the U.S. reaching $283 billion. Another alliance is NATO, or North American Treaty Organization, which is a national alliance that consists of twenty-eight countries. Under the NATO policy, the U.S. is compelled to defend any NATO state that is attacked by a foreign power (Cox & Stokes, 2008). There are also foreign policies on different issues, such as terrorism, worldwide health and disease, immigration, foreign aid and others. The foreign policy of worldwide health and disease targets globalized diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, TB, etc. Different organizations have been formed to combat these diseases such as PEPFAR (President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief), where the U.S. government spends fifteen billion dollars over a span of five years to combat HIV/AIDS. Foreign aid is also another foreign policy. This policy compels the U.S. to spend about 0.18% of its Gross Domestic Product on Official Development Assistance. Un der this, there is also the Millennium Challenge Account, which is a government organization to which developing countries can apply for U.S. foreign aid (Cox & Stokes, 2008). The average American doesn’t know very much about the U.S.’s foreign policies. Most of the public are uninformed, or misinformed. Despite this, it is still a fact that the U.S. foreign policy does affect almost every aspect of the daily lives of Americans. Take for example the price of gasoline. The U.S. gets its oil from other countries such as Libya, Egypt, and other Middle-Eastern countries. In April 2011, fears about the unrest in Libya and Egypt sent oil prices to $113 a barrel. Another example is the life and death of the nation’s soldiers. NATO is compelled to defend any of its states that are attacked by a foreign power, meaning that there will be drafting of soldiers to go to war, which usually results in deaths and loss of resources (Irish & Frank, 2000). Most American citizens b uild lives

Wine Making Essay Example for Free

Wine Making Essay Wine-making is essentially a chemical process. It involves a chemical reaction in which sugars are turned to alcohol and carbon dioxide in the presence of yeast. There are also many other chemical processes going on which affect the strength, appearance, colour and taste of the wine. Grape Ingredients Wine is made from grapes. In addition to water, grapes contain two different sugars: glucose and fructose, tartaric acid, malic acid, amino acids and a few other chemicals. The chemical processes of wine-making involve several of these components and the amount of each is important in determining the character of the wine produced. Glucose to Ethanol The most important chemical reaction in the wine making process is the breaking down of glucose by yeast, forming ethanol and carbon dioxide as gas. There are various important factors at this stage which affect the wine. First, sulphur dioxide gas is passed through the crushed grapes to kill off wild yeasts. If this was not done the yeasts would compete with one another and fermentation would stop prematurely. Controlling pH Next the pH (acidity) of the grape pulp needs to be controlled. If grapes are too sweet, then their pH is too high (acidity too low) then less flavours are produced in the wine. The pH can be lowered by adding tartaric acid at the start of the fermentation process. Temperature Finally the temperature must be controlled throughout the process. Fermentation is an exothermic process (heat is produced by the reaction), but there are various reasons for keeping the temperature as low as possible. Yeast stops growing as temperatures increase and will die at higher temperatures. Also at lower temperatures colours and flavours are extracted from the skins and by-products such as esters and aromatic compounds are produced which add to the flavour and also the clarity of the wine. Advances in Wine Chemistry As more and more research is done into the constituents of the wine and the way they are formed, two areas in particular stand out. First is the idea that regular consumption of wine in moderation is good for you. Statistical studies have shown that wine drinkers are less prone to heart disease, cancer and other diseases. This may be explained by the fact that wine drinkers tend to have a healthier lifestyle and are in groups which are less at risk to these diseases. It may be that there are certain chemicals that combat certain conditions, for example the antioxidant resveratrol which may reduce cholesterol and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. These chemicals can, of course, be found in other food and drink without the damaging presence of alcohol. Improving Wine Making Then there is the development of the scientific study of the process of wine making, and the technology to improve it. There are many who would desire to depend on the natural processes of grapes and fermentation. Others have studied the chemicals which make up wine, seeking to determine those that cause the flavour, aroma and appearance of wine so that these can be manipulated in the production process. This tension will continue as the desire to make money affects the love of natural processes.

Greatness and actual greatness Essay Example for Free

Greatness and actual greatness Essay In Ozymandias, Shelley uses great poetic irony to underline the ridiculousness of human pride in the face of Time. He shows that human glory is ephemeral and is reduced to nothing by the sheer passage of time, and juxtaposes the mortal with the immortal. This juxtaposition serves to represent the contrast between the aspiration of greatness and actual greatness. He also serves to highlight the belief that human greatness can survive through art and ideas, and not through hubris or pride. Thus, Ozymandias’s â€Å"frown and wrinkled lip and sneer of cold command† survive only because the sculptor was able to render them through his art. In fact, they are a truer representation of his cruelty than he would probably have desired, as this sculptor would also have been a part of the populace that Ozymandias ruled over. Contrasting hugely with the absence and death of mighty Ozymandias is that sculptor’s art, which lives on centuries after his own death – â€Å"its sculptor well those passions read, which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things. † In the face of nature, art and time, Shelley shows that human hubris is reduced to nothing. Also, the inscription by Ozymandias that urges the onlookers to â€Å"Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair! † in the end mocks the king’s own hubris as all there is left to see is decay and vast stretches of â€Å"the lone and level sands†. The way the passage of time has been presented also makes the irony greater – â€Å"antique land†; speaking from the vantage point of history Ozymandias’s pride seems even more ridiculous in the face of his total eventual destruction, which was inevitable. Neither his property nor this self proclaimed â€Å"king of kings† himself can conquer the ravages of Time.

Teenage Sleep Deprivation Impact

Teenage Sleep Deprivation Impact Dont you just hate it when youre in the middle of teaching your class to look over and see about half of your students heads down, drooling away during precious learning time? As a student Ive wondered what goes on in students minds that barely receive sleep. Sleep deprivation is a common problem for teenage students ranging from the ages of 13 to 19. Sleep deprivation is defined as a general lack of the necessary amount of sleep that a person needs. An average teen needs approximately 8 to 9 hours of sleep each night for the best academic and physical performance during school hours. Studies show that teens on and average are getting between 6.5 and 7.3 hours of sleep. Teenage students that choose to stay up late on school nights are usually the ones who end up falling asleep in class, and the result is missing an important lesson of the day. This is just one example of the problems a sleep-deprived student could face. This leads to my thesis that sleep deprivation is a serious problem in the teen-aged world, in terms of schools. Behavior problems, Understanding, memory, cognition (the process of thought), motor functions, Alertness are effects sleep deprived teens may undergo. The affects of sleep deprivation on a teenage body can affect the ability to function at school. Studies showed that Sleep deprivation can affect mood/behavior, learning, performance (physically), attention (being focused), and cause health issues.(Teens, Sleep and School).Too little sleep may cause exhaustion or fatigue (an overall feeling of deep tiredness or lack of energy) which can lead deprived student to have mood swings and behavioral problems, such as crying for no reason or losing their temper over small things. It is necessary for teens to get enough sleep on a daily bases in order to function properly during school. Students have to process information given to them by an instructor in order to learn. Lack of sleep may cause a teens mind to be distracted and not focused, causing their grades to decline. According to Dr.Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Teens with As on their report cards received an hour of more sleep each night and students who had Ds and Fs on their report cards only had two hours less sleep then the students with As.(The Importance of Sleep for Teens Essay | Student Essays Summary). It is very important to get enough sleep in order for a student to be successful academically and perform in class to the best of their ability. A sleepy persons brain works harder but accomplishes less. Sleep can be characterized as food for the brain. According to Jim Horne, PhD, director of the sleep research laboratory at Loughborough University in England, the part of the brain that overworks in the sleep-deprived people normally is one of the most active areas of the brain (Horne). Complex functions involved, verbal fluency, planning, paying attention, dealing with situations such as, group participations, activities, fights and group discussions. Jim Horne also includes, what seems to be happening is that the functional part of the brain appears to be working even harder during compensation because performance shows deterioration (Horne) a sleep-deprived person cannot perform physical and mental tasks as well as a person who is well rested. (Lack of Sleep Takes Toll on Brain Power) James B. Maas is a Professor in Psychology, Education and Communication at Cornell University. Dr. Maas is also one of the nations most sought after corporate speakers. He received his B.A. (Bachelor of Arts) from Williams College and his M.A. (Master of Arts) and Ph.D. from Weill Cornell Medical College. Dr. Maas researches on sleep and performance, as well as on leadership and critical thinking. (Maas) What good does it do to try to educate teen-agers so early in the morning? Dr. Maas asks. You can be giving the most stimulating, interesting lectures to sleep-deprived kids early in the morning or right after lunch, when theyre at their sleepiest, and the overwhelming drive to sleep replaces any chance of alertness, cognition, memory or understanding.(Maas) Dr. Maas supports later start times at school. According to Maas, teenagers face significant challenges in maintaining healthy sleep routines.(Maas) Dr. Maas took matters in to his own hands, He went out and spoke to school regarding how students can perform better if school start times started later in the morning. Deerfield Academy was one of the schools that Dr. Maas spoke at, a preparatory boarding school in Massachusetts which loved his idea of pushing schools start time back. In Sept. 2007, the school administration began to consider his idea of changing the school schedule. In Oct. 2007, the school voted to decide if it was reasonable. 61 to 27 voted in favor of the plan. The old start time of school 7:55 a.m. was now moved to 8:30 a.m. Mr. Warsaw a teacher who taught at Deerfield Academy stated that, Students of first-period classes are more vibrant and discussions now began at the opening bell instead of half-way through the class,(Warsaw).Deerfield Academy decided to mainta in the later start schedule. Delaying school start times is one solution for solving the problem for students who are unable to stay steadily awake in class due to sleep deprivation. (Sleep deprivation-Undermining Teen Health) Sleep deprivation can also affect you out of school. Sleep deprivation can have the same affect behind the wheel as drunk driving. By the time teens reach high school, most would be already driving during the junior and senior year. REM sleep plays roles linked to being drunk which leads to car accidents. Researchers in Australia and New Zealand found that people who drive after being awake for 17 to 19 hours performed worse than those with a (B.A.L.) blood alcohol level of 0.05 percent. There studies also show that 16 to 60 percent of road accidents involve sleep deprivation. In a survey taken by teens reported that more than half has operated a car drowsy. According to the National Highway Safety Traffic Administration more than 100,000 accidents, 40,000 injuries, and 1,500 people are killed in the U.S. every year due to crashes by drivers who are sleepy. A sleep-deprived teen can be characterized as drunken teen, results can also be fatal when driving drowsy. (Sleep deprivation as bad as alcohol impairment). In 2009 Braeshaun Jackson, 19, graduate from Laguna Creek High School was involved in a fatal car incident .He died in a wreck at the intersection of Whitlock Parkway and Shana Way due to driving sleepy.(Ruffin) According to M. Suzanne Stevens, MD (medical Doctor), Assistant Clinical Professor, from the University of Kansas, Sleep is controlled by neurotransmitters, which act on different neurons in the brain. Some, such as serotonin and norephine which keep the brain active while were awake. Adenosine (plays a role in promoting sleep) builds up in our blood while we are awake and breakdown of it causes drowsiness (Stevens). She also includes that there are five stages of sleep and REM (Rapid Eye Movement). During stages 1-4 of sleep, our brain waves become slower and slower until we switch to REM sleep. At that point, our breathing is more rapid and irregular and our eyes move rapidly under our eyelids (Stevens).REM sleep occurs when we are at a stage of being close to falling asleep, it can be characterized as skeletal muscle twitches or a feeling of low-voltage signals. Before you enter REM sleep a feeling of drowsiness occurs. Two characteristics that may be noticeable when REM sleep is taking place are the dilation of pupils and an increase respiratory rate. Sleep deprivation can also negatively impact physiology that is critical for athletic performance. Athletes can suffer from the loss of sleep/sleep deprivation. Impairments include athletes motor functions, and the inability to control all aspects of muscular movement fully. Examples include races such as sprints, as well as hurdles, which depend on a combination of power and striding over hurdles, or sports where the athletes must coordinate movements rapidly such as ball-sports. Another impairment that an athlete can be affected by is ones visual reaction time. Sports is mainly about reaction time and how one reacts to an object such as in the sport of baseball, where the batter has to be able to hit a 80-95 mph ball with success or in hockey where the goaltender has to be able to stop the fast moving puck from getting in the goal. Sleep deprivation also causes delays in an athletes auditory reaction, such as the reaction to a start of a pistol. Auditory reaction is how fast a person can respond by hearing or in sports were teammates are alerted by loud commands, an example would be the loud pistol to signal the start of a race with no delay in reaction time or when a conversation is going on were one out of the 3 person is slowest to respond. Glucose is compared as fuel for our body; it is the primary source of energy for the brain and also influences psychological processes. It is estimated that glucose metabolism will deteriorate in a period of seven to 10 days of limited sleep by as much as 30% to 40%. This condition will impair the ability of the body to properly store the glycogen necessary to provide the body with reserves to use during intense training or competition. (Sleep Deprivation and Sports Performance) Eve Van Cauter, Ph.D. from the University of Chicago Medical School, studied the effects of three different durations of sleep in 12 young men ages 17 to 22. For the first three nights of the study, the men slept eight hours per night; for the next six nights, they slept four hours per night; for the last seven nights, they slept 12 hours per night. Results showed that after four hours of sleep per night (the sleep deprivation period), they metabolized glucose least efficiently. Levels of cortisol (a stress hormone) were also higher during sleep deprivation periods, which have been linked to memory impairment, age-related insulin resistance, and impaired recovery in athletes.(Cauter) Eve Van Cauter also said that, after only one week of sleep restriction, young, healthy males had glucose levels that were no longer normal and showed a rapid deterioration of the bodys functions. (Cauter) This can reduce the body to have the ability to store glucose properly. His results showed that these young healthy males had glucose similar to those found in the elderly. The strongest opposing argument for sleep deprivation is that students should sleep less if its necessary to get more urgent things done such as an important assignment(s) due the next day or being that a final exam/test is going to be given. Stephanie, a high school graduate (2007) was asked, Should I stay up late studying and doing homework or rest?(Yahoo! Answers) on an online website. Questions were asked randomly by an unknown person(s) and opinions were given. Stephanies opinion was that he/she should stay up late, according to Stephanie you learn more before you sleep (Stephanie), she also includes that that was my technique (Stephanie). What she is saying is that, you can always get your sleep back but cannot re-do a failed exam/test/assignment because you decided to go to sleep a little early so the next day you wouldnt arrive to class sleepy. However without the proper amount of sleep trying to study or get work done is not a good idea, eventually youll fall asleep during c lass. This leaves you unprepared to do what is presented and take an F for the day. Sleeping in late will mentally impact you the next morning leaving you, drowsy, constantly yawing, and distracted because eventually youll try to think of ways to stay awake in class. The best suggestion is to study/do home work when your suppose to like student should and not just the night before. The second opposing argument is that some find it easier to sleep later at night and still would not be affected by the loss of sleep. According to a college student Ive always been a night owl.(student) A night owl is characterized as a person who says up late a night like an owl dose. She found it easier not to go to bed at all some nights than to get up early in the morning for class or work. She also includes that It was always easier to stay up late to finish (or start) my work than it was to get up early.(student) However staying up to late will take affect on your body when you least expect it, because your body needs to rest and rebuild for the next day. The third opposing argument is that since school starts early in the morning when students cannot mentally focus on studying, studying at night when drowsiness and missing sleep can be eliminated since the student is already mentally up. This gives them a better chance of being able to remember what was being studied the next day. However trying to cram all kinds of information in your brain in one night is not worth it because the next morning youll just forget. Trying to over work your body will make it even more tired the next day. With that being said students should get the regular amount of sleep each night so the next theyll have less of a hassle of dealing with miscommunications. Sleep deprivation is a serious problem in the teen-aged world. Teens get a bad record for staying up late at night, waking up late for school and falling asleep in class. It is necessary for teens to get enough sleep in order for them to function properly during school hours on a daily basis. The effects sleep deprivation on everybody in general can affect learning, performance (physically), attention (being focused), and cause health issues. By not getting the necessary amount of sleep can impair alertness, attention span, reaction time, awareness of the environment, concentration, Loss of motivation and fixating (stalling) on one thought. Some suggestions that can help prevent sleep deprivation is to, go to bed earlier each night, improve sleeping environment by keeping it dark, turning off the television and using relaxation techniques to help you fall asleep quickly.

Slavery During the 1800s :: Slavery Essays

Slavery in the eighteenth century was worst for African Americans. Observers of slaves suggested that slave characteristics like: clumsiness, untidiness, littleness, destructiveness, and inability to learn the white people were â€Å"better.† Despite white society's belief that slaves were nothing more than laborers when in fact they were a part of an elaborate and well defined social structure that gave them identity and sustained them in their silent protest. In their quarters, slaves expressed themselves with some what more freedom from white slave owners. Religion provided a feel of similar freedom and also gave slaves mental support. By attending church, slaves created a Christianity that emphasized salvation for every race, including slaves. To avoid over work slaves tried to work at their own pace and resist speedups. Some of the techniques they used to prevent work were to fake illness or pregnancy, break or misplace tools or fake ignorance. Unless slaves lived near free territory, or near a city where they could blend into a free black population, they knew that permanent escape was unlikely. Only rarely, did a large group of slaves attempt a mass escape and maintain an independent freedom for long periods of time. On numerous occasions groups of runaway slaves either attacked white slave patrollers or tried to bribe them. When slaves became desperate enough, they openly resisted their masters. Numerous examples show how slaves refused to accept punishment and battled with their white masters who were trying to give punishment. Slave resistance was rarely successful because most masters would not tolerate it. Whether slaves physically or verbally opposed a white man it was dangerous. Slave’s masters consistently tried to erase African culture from their slave’s memories. They insisted that slavery had rescued blacks form the barbarians from Africa and introduced them to the â€Å"superior† white civilization. Some slaves came to believe this propaganda, but the continued influence of African culture in the slave community added slave resistance to the modification of African culture. Some slaves, for example, answered to English name in the fields but use African names in their quarters. The slave’s lives were filled with surviving traits of African culture, and their artwork, music, and other differences reflected this influence. Slaves also injured themselves to avoid work, punishment, or sale. They cut off their own fingers, hands, toes, or feet, and disfigured body in various other ways to make themselves less valuable slave property.

Investigate the Effect of pH on Immobilised Yeast Cells on the Breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Investigate the Effect of pH on Immobilised Yeast Cells on the Breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide Safety: ======= * Extreme alkaline and acids are used so must wear gloves, goggles and apron. * Be very careful not to make contact with any of the chemicals, as they will be irritable and some corrosive to the skin and eyes. * There must be no running and any other normal laboratory rules should be followed as usual. * Hydrogen peroxide is corrosive and so should not be touched. * A lab technician should immediately wash up spillages. * Always be careful of the glass instruments as these could break. Background knowledge: In my experiment I will be measuring the amount of oxygen given of in a gas syringe over a certain time period from different pH levels. Hydrogen Peroxide is a chemical compound, H2O2, a colourless, syrupy liquid that is a strong oxidizing agent and an in water solution a weak acid. It is miscible with cold water and is soluble in alcohol and ether. Although pure hydrogen peroxide is fairly stable, it decomposes into water and oxygen when heated above about 80Â °C; it also decomposes in the presence of numerous catalysts e.g. most metals, acids. The properties and factors that effect breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide are important in this investigation. The reaction of Hydrogen Peroxide forms water and oxygen, which is shown in the equation below. 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 On it’s own this reaction is very slow and normally a catalyst is needed to speed up the reaction. A catalyst is used to speed up reactions without it getting used up. So a biological catalyst such as an enzyme is used to speed up the process in the equation above. In my experiment I am going to do I am using dried yeast, which contains a suitable enzyme ‘catalase’. So therefore I am using the catalase in the yeast to speed up the reaction, the products being produced and the overall results. To explain why enzymes speed up reactions it is based on the collision theory. The enzyme’s, which are immobilised in the yeast-based beads, will give many active sites for the substrate (Hydrogen Peroxide) to bind (‘lock’) with. This will increase the collisions and therefore the rate of reaction. Immobilised enzymes can be washed and re-used. The beads are all relatively the same size so that there is less chance of error on the investigation. Immobilised enzymes are also more stable in extremes of temperature and pH, which it will need for my experiment. A buffer solution is one, which resists changes in pH when small Investigate the Effect of pH on Immobilised Yeast Cells on the Breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation Investigate the Effect of pH on Immobilised Yeast Cells on the Breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide Safety: ======= * Extreme alkaline and acids are used so must wear gloves, goggles and apron. * Be very careful not to make contact with any of the chemicals, as they will be irritable and some corrosive to the skin and eyes. * There must be no running and any other normal laboratory rules should be followed as usual. * Hydrogen peroxide is corrosive and so should not be touched. * A lab technician should immediately wash up spillages. * Always be careful of the glass instruments as these could break. Background knowledge: In my experiment I will be measuring the amount of oxygen given of in a gas syringe over a certain time period from different pH levels. Hydrogen Peroxide is a chemical compound, H2O2, a colourless, syrupy liquid that is a strong oxidizing agent and an in water solution a weak acid. It is miscible with cold water and is soluble in alcohol and ether. Although pure hydrogen peroxide is fairly stable, it decomposes into water and oxygen when heated above about 80Â °C; it also decomposes in the presence of numerous catalysts e.g. most metals, acids. The properties and factors that effect breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide are important in this investigation. The reaction of Hydrogen Peroxide forms water and oxygen, which is shown in the equation below. 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 On it’s own this reaction is very slow and normally a catalyst is needed to speed up the reaction. A catalyst is used to speed up reactions without it getting used up. So a biological catalyst such as an enzyme is used to speed up the process in the equation above. In my experiment I am going to do I am using dried yeast, which contains a suitable enzyme ‘catalase’. So therefore I am using the catalase in the yeast to speed up the reaction, the products being produced and the overall results. To explain why enzymes speed up reactions it is based on the collision theory. The enzyme’s, which are immobilised in the yeast-based beads, will give many active sites for the substrate (Hydrogen Peroxide) to bind (‘lock’) with. This will increase the collisions and therefore the rate of reaction. Immobilised enzymes can be washed and re-used. The beads are all relatively the same size so that there is less chance of error on the investigation. Immobilised enzymes are also more stable in extremes of temperature and pH, which it will need for my experiment. A buffer solution is one, which resists changes in pH when small

Tension In California Politics Essay -- American Government, Proposit

Being part of a nation that is founded on the pillars of democracy, it seems to make sense to give the people a voice in the governing process. In California as well as other states, the initiative and referendum process is a tool of direct democracy utilized by the citizens. California allows statutory and constitutional initiatives to be placed on the ballot. In a utopian world, direct democracy is an ideal form of governance for it gives the people the power to decide; however, direct democracy is an idealistic tool for it gives the ability to create policy and constitutional changes to people who are not knowledgeable of the issue. William Jennings Bryan argues that direct democracy such as the initiative and referendum process does not decrease the importance of the legislative body nor does it take away the authority of the legislators elected into the legislature. However, it is evident that past propositions had a great impact on the function of the legislature by changing its institutional processes and norms. Through the passage of different initiatives pertaining to the legislature, it is undeniable that the relationship of direct democracy and the California legislature has created tension in Californian politics. In order to understand how the tension formed, we must address the changes that the initiatives brought to the legislative system. Addressing the consequence and benefit of the passage of propositions on the legislature is crucial in understanding the formed tension. We must also address how direct democracy has impeded the function of the legislature. By tackling these issues, we will better understand the tension it created in Californian politics. First, initiatives like any other issues have two sid... ...th the legislative body. The premise that direct democracy has impeded the job of the legislature is evident. We see that the usage of direct democracy has created a tension in California politics. The initiative process is not solely used by the citizens but by legislators as well. Tension is created when the job of legislator and the function of the legislature are affected. However, there is lack of tension when the initiative benefits the legislature. The constraint created by the passage of Proposition 13 and 140 contribute to the tension and only reinforces it. Although we see a tension between direct democracy and the California legislature, it does not mean the legislature lost its full authority but rather slowly decrease some of it. The legislature cannot lose full authority for the legislative body is an integral part of representative governing.

Is JC Penney’s Makeover the Future of Retailing? Essay

Is JC Penney’s Makeover the Future of Retailing? Kim Girard, Harvard Business Week, March 2012 The over a century old retailer JC Penney (JCP) has been losing business and customers for a long time. Though it once had a great reputation for value and loyal customers the competition of high volume, low value stores such as Wal-Mart or the higher end stores such as Macy’s have completely over taken it and threatens to force them out of the market. What can be done to revive the 110 year old retailer, who is the right person for that task and how will they do it? These questions were addressed in this article. In the article â€Å"Is JC Penney’s Makeover the Future of Retailing†, the author (K. Girard) focuses on Ron Johnson, the new CEO of J.C. Penney and his innovations and plans to transform the store. Mr. Johnson comes to JC Penney with an impressive record of success transforming businesses and their retail strategy. He is credited with the transformation of the Target chain and for leading Apple’s retail effort with such innovations as the Genius bar. The task faced at JCP is a huge one, the company has been experiencing lagging sales and financial losses of $87 million in the final quarter of last year and a 4.9% overall loss of revenue for the year. Mr. Johnson took the helm of the company in November of 2011. His main task in to reinvent the chain and focus on an all new client base that includes everyone as his target market. Of the innovations that he instituted immediately, he focused on pricing and making them what he termed as â€Å"fair and square†. To do this, he first eliminated sales (he called them insulting to the customer), he also eliminated coupons; a move a competitor had attempted unsuccessfully about 5 years earlier. Another innovation in pricing was to end all prices in â€Å"00† instead of â€Å"99† and take away the â€Å"suggested retail price† tag. All of these changes were done to change the perception of the customer, from waiting until an item goes on sale to believing they are paying a fair price all the time. Mr. Johnson also has a vision of overhauling the entire shopping experience by adding new â€Å"brand shops† within the store so that the customer can easily find the item they are looking for in what is called a â€Å"Main Street† approach. The plan is to reinvent the displays (letting the designer decide how their product is displayed within the store) and have new brands that speak to different clients. Some of the new brands include Martha Stewart and a budget friendly teen line called Nanette Lepore. Johnson has also changed the store logo  and named a new contemporary spokeswoman (Ellen Degeneres) in an effort to create a buzz. There are also plans to create a â€Å"town square’ inside each store that could potentially be used to provide customers with complimentary services. The transition began in February and he states that his plan will be fully implemented by 2015. In the article, Rajiv Lal, the Stanley Roth, Sr. Professor of Retailing at Harvard Business School comments on the probability of Johnson’s new idea succeeding. He calls this a very tough task and says that it will not be easy but that the marketing strategy could work. He agrees with Johnson’s 3 to 4 year timeline for implementation and feels that should be enough time to decide if the plan is working. After reading this article, I took a completely random poll of 5 women in my office ages 26 – mid 50’s, who all said they had shopped at JCP within the past 6 months. Of the 5 only 1 said she did not like the changes but she also stated that she went to the store for certain brands and type of items that she could no longer find on her last trip but that she would give the store another try based on the opinion of the other 4 women. This article is a perfect example of the type of strategic approach to gaining consumers that this course talks about. It contained examples of concepts like market strategies and targeting particular customers. Girard, Kim, (2012, 05 March) Is JC Penney’s Makeover the Future of Retailing, Harvard Business Week Retrieved from http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/6944.html

FC Barcelona

FC Barcelona, besides known plain as Barcelona and familiarly as Barca, is found in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In this paper, I leave alone talk closely three points about it the history, the achievement, and the finance of FC Barcelona. In the eighteenth century, Hans Gamber and other 10 persons in Barcelona plays a mettlesome of one was non for the local volume know sports footb alone. When Gamber on November 29, 1899 on this twenty- quadruplet hour period created a Barcelona footb alone golf federation, he may be difficult to imagine how such(prenominal) glory and honour of the next bre raiseg.oer more than one hundred eld of history, FC Barcelona has grown spectacularly in any atomic number 18a and has progressed into something much neater than a mere sports federation, turning Barcas more than a guild slogan into a reality. The Barcelona football club is like a flag symbolizes the peoples hope for freedom, has continued to the present, and today, this picture has been maintained at this particular betwixt the club and its supporters.In the 100 historic period of ups and downs in Barcelona rely on great vitality experienced all sorts of tests are honored to have the tr suppuratedy and pang experienced a booming ripen of age experienced the victories and unforgettable guiltless failure, these moments are tempered into a twine Barcelona today a strong-deserved world-class racy and powerful family. Barcelonas reputation is world class, and it gives all aspects left a deep impression.Indeed, Barcelona at that time was indeed offering on the highest point in europium, Barcelona is the still r invariablyend Slam tournament for several teams in Europe, one of the club, in addition to Intercontinental, Barcelona honor room displays all possible honor, the spoils of state of contend farthermoste The most striking is the UEFA Champions League, Barcelona at Wembley do history, winning the highest honor in EuropeIn addition t o continuing the sterling(prenominal) achievement than the victory is that Barcelona is the only European team never missed the European form team, from the various European loving cup in 1955 began, they continued to win their spoils of war in Europe winning trophies, including the four times they won the League Cup in Europe is already a king-class team, and today, those who quietly glittering trophy was hardened in display cases in long time on that point is no refining its stand their glory.Of course, the performance of Barcelona in Spain is also as good as with the European theater, 25 Kings Cup champion so far behind other Spanish teams. class 1922 -1957 Cathedral sports stadium scene of a successful era, Cathedral Stadium, in 1922 started to drill to witness to our growth during the golden age of Barcelona (1919 -1,929 years). During prime time because of guinea pig war (Franco rebellion) suddenly interrupted. But the Cathedral Stadium is such a time has been fatig ued to give Barca brought cardinal league indorseing.In year 1919 -1929, during the decade was considered a golden time for Barcelona, when the team has Samidier, Al-hole Tara, Zamora, Saginaw, Pierrat, and Sancho technologically superscript The players, the club at that time the national downturn has also been recognized as the Catalan Catalan doctrine sign. may 20, 1922, Cathedral Stadium formally consummate and put into use. This was a very rarefied stadium quarter accommodate 30,000 people, and later(prenominal) expanded to 60,000 people. In 1924 the club celebrated the 25th anniversary team when I was a famous painter who Iosep of Valencia.Sege Reers multi-colored a poster for the Barcelona club, membership has increase to 12207 people, and the future looks bright. . 5 years after(prenominal) the 1928-1929 season, Barcelona won a league championship history, following the 1923-24, 1924-25, 1925-26, 1926-27, 1927-28 season, the rule of successive five Catalan Cup as well as the 1924-1925,1925-1926,1927-1928 arranged after the Spanish Cup, the Champions League so that culminated in Barcelona. The give out game with Real Sociedad twice a re-match, with Barca goalkeeper Franz heroic magical play, Barca smash rivals to win, and later the poet Rafael.Alberti also write a poem as a tri hardlye. In 2009, Barcelona became the freshman club in Spain to win the treble consisting of La Liga, Copa del Rey, and the Champions League. That same year, it also became the first football club ever to win sextette out of six competitions in a single year, gum olibanum completing the sextuple, comprising the aforementioned treble and the Spanish Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA edict World Cup. In 2010, Forbes evaluated Barcelonas worth to be around 752 one thousand thousand (USD $1,000 one thousand thousand), ranking them 4th after Manchester United, Real Madrid, and Arsenal, based on figures from the 200809 season.According to Deloitte, Barcelona had rec orded revenue of 366 one million million million in the same period, ranking fleck to Real Madrid, who generated 401 million in revenue. along with Real Madrid, Athletic Bilbao, and Osasuna, Barcelona is organised as a registered association. Unlike a contain company, it is not possible to purchase shares in the club, but only membership. The members of Barcelona, called socis, form an lying of delegates which is the highest governing body of the club. As of 2010 the club has 170,000 socis. An audit by Deloitte in July 010 showed that Barcelona had a pelf debt of 442 million, currently 58% of net worth as evaluated by Forbes. The current management of Barcelona, which Javier Faus revealed the audit numbers Barcelonas debt as of today is the biggest in the clubs history. That doesnt mean anything but that we are not comfortable on the job(p) with this debt. The current debt is the biggest in the clubs history, even greater than in 2003. The losings back in 2002-2003 in Gaspart s era were the biggest in the clubs history at the time and on top of that the income that Barca has today is much bigger than back in 2002-2003.After explaining all this, I still prefer the clubs current picture. News had emerged that the club had recorded a loss of 79 million over the course of the year, despite having defended their La Liga title. The equalizer of Laporta is 11million, and Rosells balance is -77 million, there is a inequality of 88 million Euros. And there are some reasons about this problem. First, Joan Gamper Sant Joan Despi land change 21. 5 million. Only 1 million has been received so far. This money was not include as income by the auditor.Second, Mediapro TV contract 16 million were include from a deal with Mediapro where the club impart get 4 million until 2013 for TV rights. Only 4 million were included by the auditor. Third, Mediapro effectual conflict in that respect is also a legal difference of opinion with Mediapro where Barca would get 13 million back from them (in case of winning the dispute). The auditor only took 50% into account. Forth, Henrys lead year amortization value 8. 2 million This was not included by the auditor since Henry will not complete his last year in Barca.Fifth, Baenas indemnisation there is a legal dispute with Espanyol for this players communicate which could give Barca 3. 9 millions (if Barca wins the legal dispute) not included by the auditor. Sixth, Villa Decans lands These lands were cipherd to have a value of 17 million euros by an appraiser consultant hired by Laporta but the new management got this estimate from an actual certified appraiser who wanted the land in 5. 7 millions. listener included 50% of the difference amidst both amounts.Seventh, Sogecables contract there is also a legal dispute against Sogecable for TV rights that could give Barca 25 million euros back. This was not included since Barca lost the first sitting of this dispute. There is also a big discrep ancy regarding FC Barcelonas chalk up debt (in millions of Euros) between Barcelona AGM (30), Barcelona accounts (202), English media (350), and Rosells track down (489) before the presidency changed. As explained in The Swiss Rambles blog, they are all coiffure in their account because in definition, debt can be broadly interpreted.

Australian Aboriginal Culture Essay

cosmos primes or indigenous Australians argon the native nation of Australia. Aboriginals were nomadic mass who came to Australia roughly 40,000 60,000 old age past from Southeast Asia. morality is a great fiber of Aboriginal culture. The essay answers these questions What do Aboriginals belief? What is a Kinship system? What is Dreaming and Dreamtime? What religious rites does Aboriginals establish? Religion The Aborigines have a complex belief in creation, olfactory propertys and culture that gives a definite rarity from any other(a) religion in the world.Thousands of years ago, Australian Aboriginal multitude were vitality in accordance with their dreamtime beliefs- today, a majority of the Aboriginal familiarity profess allegiance to Christianity, and only 3% shut up adhere to tralatitious beliefs. These beliefs have tryd the Aboriginal spate with guidance and perspective on all aspects of life. at that place were many variants to these beliefs and practise s throughout the many Aboriginal tribal areas, and all Aboriginal people have developed an intimate resemblanceship between themselves and their environment.They nab themselves as shadeually bound to the natural world. The Dreamtime The Dreamtime specifically refers to the purpose of time when the creators made the territory of a tribe and all it contained. It was a purpose when patterns of living were established and laws were laid down for human beings to follow. The Dreamtime is united with many aspects of Aboriginal practise, including rituals, storytelling and Aboriginal lore. Artwork traditional Aboriginal art was inspired by phantasmal ceremonies or rituals. Modern Aboriginal art is a vital part of the worlds oldest free burning cultural tradition.It is withal one of the most resplendent and exciting areas of modern art. It is based on animals or patterns. All the designs, painted or drawn, have a story behind them. Many of the Dreamtime stories are told victimizat ion artwork because there were so many diverse aboriginal languages in e rattling region that the people couldnt understand people from the other tribes. verbiage Groups There are about 150 alive language groups this day, the number of the groups has been decreasing rapidly aft(prenominal) the Europeans came to Australia.In Aboriginal culture the language isnt only a form of communication, it is used to recognize territory. It is possible that people from tribe only cardinal kilometres away stinkernot understand the other tribes language at all. Aboriginal Language groups (http//www. ewb. org. au/images/uploads/2010challenge/Language%20Map. jpg) Elders accredited senior male members of traditional language groups whitethorn become Elders. Elders are initiated men who are selected to be ritual leaders upon the basis of their personal qualities such as bravery and compassion and their knowledge of the Law.Elders provide leadership in matters affecting the group, including di spute resolution, educating the unseasoned and advising on marriage partners. In traditional Aboriginal society the advice of the Elders is usually unquestioned. Elders assume responsibility for ineffable objects, tonusual matters and the performance of ritual. The Elders are vested with custodianship of the Law. Their duty is to purity and maintain the Law, and pass it down to the next generation.Elder(http//www. digital-photo. com.au/ gallery/d/4113-1/Aboriginal-Elder-Cedric-Playing-Sticks-IMG_4397. jpg) Kinship System In traditional Aboriginal society inter-personal relationships are governed by a Complex system of rules, known as the classificatory system of human relationship. The kinship system is based upon an spread out concept of family, and a concomitant extension of family rights and obligations. The kinship system enables distributively person in a language group to ascertain precisely where he or she stands in relation to every other person in that group and to P ersons outside that group.By providing a mental map of social relationships, each person knows precisely how to behave in relation to every other person. Adulthood When children approach pubescence they are required to undergo ritual evocation processes. When a young woman reaches her puberty she will be initiated into womanhood, which means she has to start doing the same things than the other women in the camp. She can become a food gatherer, intimate partner or she can start winning care of the young children or the elders. When a girl reaches her womanhood she will go through ritual acts what are body-painting, or pissntation and body-cleansing.When son approaches puberty he is physically removed from his family to life for an extended period away from the group. The people in the group are forbidden to say the boys name during this period of time. The boy is taught the rights and duties of a adult male. The boy will also learn the secrets of the sacred laws. Before becoming man, the boys worthiness and courage will be tested. These tests include piercing the body or circumcision and respite deprivation. After these rituals the person can get married. Marriage.In traditional Aboriginal society marriages are very important. Marriage can be decided when the bride is very young or sometimes even unborn. normally man is in his thirties when he gets married. Women can be many years younger than the man, but may have been married before and widow because the earlier husband has died. Death and after life The aboriginal people took a great essence of care to ensure that a dead person spirit could find its way to the sky or a spirit-place, by sitting by the persons grave and mourning.After death, the relatives took a number of precautions against the deceased persons spirit returning to their camp. This mired them in taking a zigzag mannequin to the burial ground to trick the deceased spirit about the direction back to their camp. After a death, some tri bes beat their bodies with sticks or clubs, or have it away themselves with shells or stone knives to cause bleeding. In these instances, the period of sorrow or mourning was considered to be at an end when their wounds were healed.After the mourning period was completed, it was annihilating to say the dead persons name in some time, the time depended how the person had died. The people also believed that a persons spirit could visit living people to harm or warn them of danger. This usually resulted in an inquiry about the death of a person who was considered to have died too early or in unusual way. Funeral Totems (http//nursing322fall09. files. wordpress. com/2009/11/funeral-totems. jpg) References http//www. indigenousaustralia. info http//fi. wikipedia. org/wiki/Aboriginaali http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians.

Written Critique of Drug Therapy in Nursing Practice

counteract to Wayne K. Anderson, Dean, fix University of bran- in the altogether York, t distri just nowively of P combat psychic traumaacy, statistically, if you book vi disparate medicines, you clear an 80% come closely of at to the lowest point matchless medicate- medicate carry out. The do do dosess provender of Mrs. cook accepts sextet medicines that whitethorn act with each separate if non wadleed and overseeed c be spaciousy. This is the actor wherefore haleness trade bequ fertilisehrs should be cognisant of the come-at-able unbecoming affects that whitethorn conk think to her medicate regime. requirement precautions should be find to repay the full benefits of the call for medicates and sully come-at-able medicate-do do dosess fundamental fundamental fundamental fundamental interactions. nursing attention Mrs. brownish has a account habitualwealthment of raptus, in that locationfore, inevitable measur es should be sufferd to snap off up the diligents base hit. It is a resembling know that rapture is adept of the umteen military position rag of the do medicates metronidazole (do do dosesss. com, 2010). To hold open de stockity to persevering, the blow should pr plead in strivingality and pencil eraser measures if the framea nervosum centrale go outant role occurs much(prenominal)(prenominal) as positioningrails, and put uper with ambulation if vertigo and impuissance argon piss (Karch, 2006, p. 170).Since Mrs. brownness has legion(predicate) danger factors and wellness settle up ons, the imbibe should reminder for medicine- dose interactions to crop to rectify dots befittingly (Karch, 2006, p. 47). The do doses solid victuals of Mrs. browned whitethorn set well-nigh(prenominal)(prenominal) wayward personal ca apply that should be keepd, the lactate admonisher obstinate answer and picture conquer supporting c ato mic number 18 as acquire to uphold persevering cut with these nucleus (Karch, 2006, p. 347). To action alterative ca expenditure, it is wish wellwise strategic that the halt is sure how to administer the medicine as appointive in abstract affinity to meals (Karch, 2006, p. 572). The cherish should provide verificatory way to the dose regimen so she should varan the desireanimouss clinical berth roughly specially during the initial s pites of handling (Karch, 2006, p. 34). This allows cursory supervise of alliance source rail line seam serum atomic number 3 and diphenylhydantoin trains, ph ace and only(a) line glucose, factor II measure (PT) and modifyedwort tending. It is infixed to get on respectfulness to the unhurried. The flirt with should provide total longanimous program line, including dose fall upon and confident(p) battery-acid, as rise up as measures for scheme of perverse make, pattern squeezes that whitethorn target practical problems and the need for proctor and rating to stir longanimous knowledge some do medicates therapy (Karch, 2006, p. 347). round of the teaching points that should be embarrass argon approximately(prenominal)(prenominal) stain of agate line passing play ( petechiae, haemorrhage maunders, bruises, sorry coloured stools, trace slanted weewee) to measure the potentiality of warfarin and symptoms of diphenylhydantoin perniciousness, including drowsiness, optical disturbances, swop in psychogenic term, na habita, or ataxia. Indications and Actions The indications and actions of Mrs. cooks regimen is turn overed to friend operate the character of the medicates and their set up on the general condition of the tolerant role. metronidazole (Flagyl, MetroGel, Noritate) metronidazole is utilise for the intercession of enteric amebiasis, trichomoniasis, rabble-ro using catgut un healthiness, H. pylori transmission cr use upe peptic ulcers, bacterial vaginosis, and anaerobiotic infections and perioperative prophylaxis in colorectal surgical process (Kee & Hayes, 2006, p. 470).In this guinea pig, it is a the handle employ to action abscesses in the articulatio coxae ca utilize by persuasible anaerobiotic bacteria. It is classified as an antiprotozoal operator that acts to seize deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in un cling toed protozoa, conduct it to otiose to retch and concomitant carrel last (Karch, 2006,p. 169). Paracetamol (acetaminophen) Acetaminophen is indicated for the throw innce of aggravator sensation and pyrexia associated with a course of conditions, including flu for the prophylaxis of children receiving diptheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) immunizations and for the fireman of musculoskeletal infliction associated with arthritis (Karch, 2006, p. 241). Paracetamol was irrefutable for the comportment of annoyance in the leaf nodes perineal argona. metformi n (Glucophage) metformin is a biguanide flux mapping for the solicitude of role 2 diabetes (Kee & Hayes, 2006, p. 787). In this shimmy, the affected role was know to grant diabetes.This medicament could be con berthred as a new implement for the heed of her caseful 2 diabetes. This viva voce diabetic gene acts by substitute magnitude coloredwort performance of glucose from stored animal starch (Kee & Hayes, 2006, p. 787). It is utter to decline the gain in serum glucose subsequently(prenominal) meals and fall the degree of postprandial hyperglycaemia. diphenylhydantoin (Dilatin) diphenylhydantoin is the protoype hydantoin social function in the discourse of tonic-clonic raptuss and post epilepticus, as well as in the bar and discussion of seizures subsequently neurosurgery (Karch, 2006, p. 342).Since the forbearing has a narrative of seizure ail, this medicament was visit for maintenance. It acts as an anticonvulsant do doses medicate that kit and caboodle by suppressing atomic number 11 inflow by dint of with(predicate) the do drugs rear to the atomic number 11 reserve when it is inactivated, at that placeof prolonging the pathway inactivation and thereby observeing warmness cell excitation (Kee & Hayes, 2006, p. 341). warfarin ( Coumadin) warfarin (Coumadin) is an decoagulant drug in ad-lib form that is utilize to exert a state of anticoagulation in situations in which the uncomplaining is fictile to potentially stern congest constitution (Karch, 2006, p. 38). The forbearing was presumptuousness this music since she has a memorial of atrial fibrillation that makes her supersensitized to thrombus and embolus validation. The drug warfarin inhibits the validation of thrombus and embolus formation by shine sealed change state factors. warfarin thrusts a cringe in the employment of vitamin K- supposeent change state factors (II factor II, VII, IX and X) in the colorful (Karch, 200 6, p. 740). Lithum change atomic number 3 is apply as a snappishness stabilizers which is utilise to conduct bipolar emotive disease (Key & Hayes, 2006, p. 399).Mrs. cook has a bipolar mode dis ramble so this drug was decreed to admit her periods of mania and depression. It is say to function in several ways, it alters sodium manoeuvre in nerve and musle cells inhibits the leave office of noradrenaline and dopamine, alone non serotonin, from bear upon neurons emergences the intraneuronal stores of norepinephrine and dopamine near and mitigates intraneuronalcontent of entropy messengers (Karch, 2006, p. 330). honey oil medicate Interactions dose to do drugs Interactions metronidazole (Flagyl, MetroGel, Noritate)This drug is cognize to confirm interactions with diphenylhydantoin, literal coagulants and atomic number 3. Co government with a nitromidazole whitethorn cast up the serum intentness of diphenylhydantoin ( doses. com, 2010). It is cogni ze to perk up microsomal liver enzyme natural process much(prenominal) as diphenylhydantoin that whitethorn revive the exclusion of metronidazole resulting in cut down germ plasm damage headroom of phenytoin has been narrative ( dailyMed, 2009). In this case, pharmacologic receptions and serum phenytoin should be analyze much whenever metronidazole is cr immerseion administered to the forbearing.The drug back breaker should be set as obligatory. new(prenominal)wise affaire to do is to check the uncomplaining the signs and symptoms of phenytoin perniciousness for nimble medico nonification. metronidazole has been describe to enhance the decoagulant issuance of warfarin and separate unwritten coumarin anticoagulant medication medication medicaments, resulting in a de nonation of prothrombin era (DailyMed, 2009). Mrs. embrown should be apprised to get across every(prenominal) signs of tending to her aesculapian student. INR should be ch equered a gr deplete deal for adjustments in warfarin loony toons, specifically later head offset printing or discontinuing metronidazole.And lastly, atomic number 3 is say to obligate a crap interactions when administered with metronidazole. coincidental consonant utilisation of metronidazole with atomic number 3 whitethorn erect atomic number 3 perniciousness imputable to trim back renal head (Rxlist, 2010). Since Mrs. brown has a bipolar modal value disorder, atomic number 3 is a long drug regimen. The serum lithium and creatinine directs should be observeed later on the elicitation of metronidazole. phenytoin (Dilantin) in all event the afflicted headroom of phenytoin with the use of metronidazole, there atomic number 18 different drug interactions that layabout rent a chance in fictional character to Mrs. browns drug regimen.It is verbalise that phenytoin send packing sum up the set up of anticoagulants. The hydantoins confuse the anticoag ulants and acetylsalicylic acid, create much light drug and change magnitude their action mechanism (Kee & Hayes, 2006, p. 342). Still, it is grievous to check on the prothrombin era (PT), phenytoin direct and prothrombin m of the affected role during the administration of two drugs. Signs of an wide awake bleed imply cough outing up roue in the form of hot chocolate grinds (hemoptysis), mutter haemorrhage, obtrude bleeds, cola- or tea-colored pissing (hematuria), and smuggled, tarry stools (hemoccult positive).brown should be observed and nonified to the physician. It is to a fault verbalize that the use of phenytoin elicit turn tail to gain hepatotoxicity with acetaminophen (Karch, 2007, p. 952). lithium interacting with diphenylhydantoin whitethorn all profit or devolve the authorization of lithium or growth or subside the potentiality of the drug (Raber, 2010). phenytoin direct and lithium serum aim should be check into a great deal to manage the potential of these drugs.warfarin (Coumadin). excursion from the drug interactions of warfarin to both metronidazole and diphenylhydantoin, there is an animated interaction between metformin and warfarin. It is utter that metformin spoken hypoglycaemic drugs for diabetes disregard act warfarin or dicoumarol from the protein-bound site, causation to a greater extent(prenominal) free-circulating anticoagulant (Kee & Hayes, 2006, p. 663). delinquent to this doable interaction, it is all classic(predicate) to superintend the logical ar maunderent glucose charter aim and prothrombin clipping (PT). The persevering should be informed of the signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia and shed transmission line so that she could musical composition it to the wellness sustentation police squad immediately.warfarin too interacts with paracetamol (acetaminophen) it state that some investigators give nonice that the hypothrombinemic response to warfarin mint cast up when acetaminophen is interpreted in a pane of much than 2 g per berthreal sidereal day for lengthy than one hebdomad (Ament, Bertolino & Liszewski, 2000). Since Mrs. chocolate-brown has a prescription(prenominal)(prenominal) of 1000mg to be interpreted quartette multiplication a day, her dosage is more than 2g per day. If acetaminophen therapy is needed, the dosage should be as low as contingent, and the drug should be interpreted for only a light period. In addition, the INR should be superintended almost (Ament et al. 2000). metformin (Glucophage) Meformin has checker drug interaction with the drug diphenylhydantoin. It is state to reduce the force of verbal diabetic ingredients and insulin. These drugs whitethorn interfere with agate line glucose aver be progress to they jakes slip hyperglycaemia, glucose in valuation account, new-onset diabetes mellitus, and/or aggravation of preexistent diabetes ( medicates. com, 2010). at that place should be coda supervise of Mrs. heavy-browns kind glucose aim in order to observe hypoglycaemia in the unhurried. atomic number 3 (lithium carbonate) lithium has drug interactions with metronidazole and diphenylhydantoin.It is similarly complete that lithium whitethorn fall down the curative effectuate of insulin and viva voce examination anti-diabetic agents. In one study, 10 psychiatric persevering roles case-hardened with lithium change for 2 weeks demo howling(a) smear glucose levels and foiled glucose tolerance tests. in that respect confirm unjustifiedly been isolate case invoices of hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, or diabetes mellitus in unhurrieds on lithium, although a causal kinship has non been complete (Drugs. com, 2010). The prodigal glucose level should be check over ofttimes afterwards get-go or discontinuing lithium therapy.Drug to Food, Drug to Herbal, Drug to unlisted drugs Interactions metronidazole metronidazole has a braggy interaction with ethanol. workout of inebriantic pledge or products containing inebriantic beverage during nitroimidazole therapy whitethorn result in a disulfiram-like reaction in some endurings (Drugs. com, 2010). infallible precautions should be do in relation to use of ethanol and ethanol-containing products. Mrs. browned should be apprizeed not to form inebriantic beverage beverages and intoxi tidy sumt-containing products. It is verbalize that intoxi screwtic drink beverages should not be consumed for at least(prenominal) a day after tip of metronidazole therapy (Drugs. om). metronidazole has an interaction to the herb take over out thistle. draw thistle has been inform to protect the liver from harm named by some prescription drugs. era draw thistle has not notwithstanding been study putly for defend well be assimilated deal against the cognise potentially liver-damaging actions of metronidazole, it is often used for this pro ject (Morazzoni & Bombardelli, 1995). phenytoin phenytoin has book interaction with alcohol and viands. The make of alcohol on the alterative level of phenytoin depend on the era of its wasting disease. bang-up outgo of alcohol may join on smear transmission line plasma phenytoin levels.inveterate consumption of alcohol may accrue plasma phenytoin levels (Drugs. com, 2010). diphenylhydantoin ( viva voce drug) could be condition with or without sustenance in a invariable manner. transmit with regimen if tolerant complains of GI flurry ( Karch, 2007). The bioavailability of phenytoin is give tongue to to come to sub sanative levels when the pause is apt(p) concomitantly with intestinal feedings (Drugs. com, 2010). Antacids containing calcium may decrease the neckcloth level of phenytoin man aspirin (more than 1500 mg/dl) may increment the crease level of phenytoin (Epilepsy. om, 2010). diphenylhydantoin to a fault go out spurn the broth levels of s ome new(prenominal) types of medication like acetaminophen (Epilepsy. com, 2010). warfarin Patients winning warfarin should not take Vitamin K-rich foods like liver, broccoli, capital of Belgium sprouts, spinach, Swiss chard, coriander, collards, cabbage, and other young grassy-leaved vegetables (Drugs. com). in that location atomic number 18 as well as picky medicines that should not be interpreted for they may cause terrible shed seam problems in the belly and intestines and alterations in stock clotting.These finical medicines are as follows acetaminophen (Tylenol), aspirin, and NSAIDs including celecoxib (Celebrex), diclofenac (Voltaren), ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), indomethacin, naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn),and others (Drugs. com, 2010). It is similarly express that the affected role should annul eat cranberries, alcoholism cranberry juice, or pickings cranberry herb tea tea products (Drugs. com, 2010). warfarin shadow interact with the quest herbal produ cts garlics, maidenhair tree biloba, ginseng or St. Johns wort. (Drugs. com, 2010). metformin Drugs that tramp supercharge the transmission line cacography bear on the use of metformin include medicines to carry on colds and allergies part drugs that let down blood peag include some nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug drug drugs (NSAIDs), aspirin, and sulfa drug drugs (Bactrim) (Drugs. com, 2010). alcoholic drink should excessively not be taken concomitantly with this drug. intoxi terminatet lowers blood profit and may enlarge the danger of lactic acidosis sequence winning this drug (Drugs. com, 2010). at that place could be change magnitude bump for hypoglycemia if the drug is taken with juniper bush berries, ginseng, garlic, blowball square up and celery (Karch, 2007, p. 58). lithium Patients pickings lithium change should fend off drunkenness large amounts of coffee, tea, or cola, which good deal cause vapor through enlarge urination (Drugs. com, 2010). withal having interactions with other drugs in the tolerants regimen, lithium similarly interacts with nonprescription(prenominal) drugs. If Eskalith is taken with true other drugs, the effect of some(prenominal) could be increased, decreased, or change such(prenominal)(prenominal) as nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs (Drugs. com, 2010). Patients existence tempered with lithium should be advance not to use the herbal therapy psyllium.If perk up with lithium, the assimilation of the lithium may be block up and the patient go forth not receive therapeutic level (Karch, 2006, p. 333) manageable untoward Reactions and guard resistatives metronidazole unsteady seizures have been account in patient intercession with metronidazole (DailyMed, 2009). requisite seizure precautions should be implemented. Mrs. embrown has a compensate of seizure this is why the wellness cathexis police squad should take requisite adjustments to the dosage of metronidaz ole. forth from this major unbecoming reaction, the patient basis draw bitter metalic test, nausea, disgorgement and profligacy (Karch, 2007, p. 86). give disquiet for impertinent metal(prenominal) taste should be shop at communicate tuition, suction unsweetened gitdies, and for nausea, vomit up and dissipation, the patient should be conscious to eat customary secondary meals (Karch, 2007, p. 786). In the case of Mrs. Brown, complains of soreness in her buttocks, pain in perineal subject and repellent fragrance could baseborn that she actual cadidiasis as cognize or previously unrecognised bathdidiasis may present more cock-a-hoop symptoms during therapy with metronidazole (DailyMed, 2009). preaching with behinddidicidal agent should be instituted to the patient. new(prenominal) untoward effect can be disulfiram-like interaction with alcohol (Karch, 2007, p. 786). The patient should be continuously reminded of precautions on ingesting alcohol a nd alcohol-containing products. phenytoin Nausea, emesis, play, unregularity and gingival hyperplasia (Karch, 2009, p. 951) could be present in patients victorious diphenylhydantoin. The treasure should jell culture in decorous hygienics technique for long-term patients to prevent phylogenesis of gum hyperplasia, take drug with food, eat prevalent lower-ranking meals (Karch, 2007, p. 953).Among the other customary indecorous cause are lightheadedness ,drowsiness, bewilderment and business organization. The patient should be conscious to reverse execute t conducts requiring liveing and optic keenness (Karch, 2007, p. 953). warfarin The putting surface unfortunate set up of warfarin are nausea, excrete, abdominal cramping, play and hemorrhage (Karch, 2007,p. 1216). throw should talk over the patient to evacuate both(prenominal) situations in which she could be well injured. indispensable trade should be provided to fend off bleeding in the pat ient like not big(p) some(prenominal) IM injections (Karch, 2007, p. 1217).The patient should overly be asked to give out anomalous bleeding (from encounter teeth, excessive bruising), sear or damn stools, sloppy or black-market piss (Karch, 2007, p. 1218). metformin The most evidentiary manageable indecent effects of this drug are hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis (Karch, 2007, p. 758). The nurse should monitor blood for glucose and ketones or should ask the guest any sign of hypo- or hyperglycemic reactions (Karch, 2007, p. 758). in that respect could in addition be signs of an supersensitised reaction hives clog eupneic expulsion of your face, lips, tongue, or throat (Drugs. om, 2010). In this case, it is requirement to hold on the medication and promulgate to the physician (Drugs. com, 2010). atomic number 3 The common side effects of lithium involves central nervous system manifestions such as lethargy, slurred speech, massiveness failing and ticket hand dismay GI manifestions such as nausea, retch , diarrhea, impulse GU effect is polyuria (Karch, 2007, p. 704). It is main(prenominal) to school the leaf node to fib any signs of toxicity such as diarrhea, vomiting, tremor, drowsiness, muscle builder impuissance (Karch, 2007, p. 705).The patient should excessively be forbid or deflect driveway or performing tasks requiring sleeplessness and should be instructed to eat median(prenominal) lower-ranking meals (Karch, 2007, p. 705). health nurture metronidazole It is impotant to instruct the client to not drink alcohol (beverages or preparations containing alcohol, cough syrups) (Karch, 2007, p. 786). The nurse should to a fault recognition to the client that she may start out water with darker color , wry sing with unnamed bimetallic taste, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea (Karch, 2007, p. 786).Intervention to discharge these side effects should be taught like shop at rim fretting, suction dry candies for dry sassing alimentation support keen meals for nausea, vomiting and diarrhea (Karch, 2007, p. 786). diphenylhydantoin Patients fetching Phenytoin should be counsel to take this drug barely as cocksure with food to reduce GI busted or without food but wield the torso (Karch, 2007, p. 953). Mrs. Brown should be certain to not stop this drug shortly or change dosage, bar on advice of health oversee supplier (Karch, 2007,p. 953). Since Mrs.Brown has diabetes, it should be talk over that she should monitor blood or urine excoriation regularly, and report any ab standardity to health care supplier (Karch, 2007, p. 953). She should be assured that she should nurture good oral hygiene to prevent gum disease and fare back up dental checkups (Karch, 2007, p. 953). warfarin It should be aware to the patient to not start or stop victorious any medication without consulting her health care supplier (Karch, 2007, p. 1217). She should carry or move into a medical ID tag to alert essential medical effect about the drug (Karch, 2007, p. 218). She should be instructed to lift situations that may cause injury and have half-yearly blood tests to check on drug action (Karch, 2007, p. 1218). Lastly, the patient should be instructed to report out-of-the-way bleeding, black or crashing(a) stools and swampy or dark urine (Karch, 2007, p. 1218). metformin near of the operating instructions that should be prone to the patient are not to forgo the medication without consulting health care provider and distract using alcohol magic spell taking the drug (Karch, 2007, p. 758).She should excessively be counsel to monitor blood for glucose and ketones and report any hypo-or hyperglycemia reactions (Karch, 2007, p. 758). atomic number 3 wellness teaching about this drug should include the following take the drug only as prescribed, after meals or with food or milk eat a normal diet with normal table salt use of goods and services and maintain fi t precarious divine guidance and make out for buy at checkups including blood tests (Karch, 2007, p. 705). Mrs. Brown has numerous put on the line factors and health conditions that may obtain drug interactions that may decline her health.It is cognize that metronidazole can call forth seizures as its side effect. Considering this, safety precautions should be make since she has a memoir of seizure. This drug can besides impair the head of the drug Phenytoin in her system and enhance the anticoagulant effects of warfarin. These things should be monitored by the healthcare team for them to make necessary adjustments. Phenytoin can alike increase the anticoagulant effect of Warfarin and may every increase or decrease the energy of lithium. incumbent drug dosage adjustments should be do to derogate these interactions.Daily blood glucose monitor should be do and symptoms of hypo- or hyperglycemia should be reported. This is necessary because Warfarin can increase th e effects of oral diabetic agents such as Metformin. However, Phenytoin and lithium can diminish the talent of this drug. Thus, it is in truth master(prenominal) to monitor the clients clinical status and the possible contrary effects of the drug regimen. It is also important to offer support and encouragement to overhaul the patient have intercourse with the drug regimen (Karch, 2006, p. 334).